Archives pour la catégorie Zope & Plone

A/B split testing with Plone

I have a deep interest in the lean startup method. One of the favorite tools of the lean startuper is A/B split testing. My favorite software package is Plone. Can Plone be used for A/B split testing without having to develop a specific python product ? The answer is probably yes.

Here is my recipe for a starter toward A/B split testing with Plone :

  1. take a fresh Plone
  2. add a PloneFormGen
  3. add a « Thank you » page for each and every option you want to test ; note the ID of the pages (e.g. page « optionA » and page optionB ») ; the user will be redirected to one of these pages
  4. add a text field to the form (multiple-lines text field not one-line string field)
  5. override the default value of this field with the following tales expression :

    python:[random.seed(str(request.AUTHENTICATED_USER) + request.REMOTE_ADDR), random.choice([i.getId() for i in here.aq_parent.aq_inner.listFolderContents(contentFilter={« portal_type » : « FormThanksPage »})])][1]

  6. make the text field a hidden and server-side field
  7. overrides the form’s custom validation action with the following expression :

    redirect_to:request/form/page

    where « page » is the ID of the text field you set up above.

  8. add a Data Recorder to the form so that the value of the « page » field gets recorded

What do we have now ? We have a form with a button. When the user clicks on the button, she is randomly redirected toward one the several « Thank You Pages » that you have defined. The redirection is based on the IP address of the user and her username if she is authenticated. The redirections are uniformly distributed against your destination pages. And they are recorded in the data record field.

You A/B split test is not complete and several further steps must be taken before this is a fully operational solution but that was an enjoyable hack to make for me. Have fun with it and tell me how you would proceed with split testing and continuous deployment using Plone !

Le code du wecena est libre

« Vive le wecena libre ! » comme qui dirait l’autre. Ce petit message pour signaler à ceux que cela intèresse que j’ai libéré le code qui me permet de faire tourner wecena.com. En d’autres termes, ce logiciel libre est désormais distribué (publiquement) sous licence GNU Affero General Public License v.3.

Le code en question constitue une suite de produits d’extension pour le système de gestion de contenu Web Plone. Certains de ces produits sont spécifiques au fonctionnement du wecena (les produits wecena_core et wecena_integration). Certains autres sont plus génériques et peuvent avoir leur utilité hors wecena. Je pense notamment à wecena_dynamicroles pour améliorer la flexibilité du système de sécurité de Plone et à wecena_ldapuser pour synchroniser de manière bidirectionnelle les utilisateurs Plone avec les entrées d’un annuaire LDAP.

Votre expertise python/Zope/Plone est plus que bienvenue si vous voulez vous amuser avec ces produits et filer un coup de main au passage !

How to get visual performance profiles from plone doctests ?

I am developping a couple of Plone 3.x products. They have some tests, including a huge functional doctest which takes a long time to run (about a couple of hours !) but covers some of my most interesting use cases. I wanted to use these tests in order to get some insights about possible performance bottlenecks and other optimization hot points in my code. The result of my effort was a very nice visual chart showing these bottlenecks and hotpoints.

[update: added another visualization package, see at the end of the post]

Here is how I had to proceed (note that I am more of a foolish and coward hacker than an expert and I decline any responsibility on the consequences of following my howto !) :

1. Give your python a suitable profiler

Plone 3.x requires zope 2.10 which in turn requires python 2.4. More recent versions are not supported AFAICS. Problem: python2.4 does not have a reliable performance profiling module. Its « hotshot » module is both slow (when loading statistics) and badly bugged : it crashes when you have it load some of the profiles it can generate. You have to add a better profiler to your python environment, namely cProfile (which is shipped with python 2.5).

I am a terrible sysadmin and I don’t really understand (and care about) how python manages its pathes and accesses its libraries. So I did this :

  1. download and unzip the source tarball of python 2.5 so that you get cProfile source code
  2. locate relevant files referring to lsprof (the old name of cProfile), using a grep -R lsprof * on the source directory
  3. I personnally located the following files (I leave cProfile test files apart) : Lib/cProfile.py Modules/_lsprof.c and Modules/rotatingtree.* (.c and .h)
  4. download and unzip the source tarball of python 2.4
  5. copy the located cProfile files from their python 2.5 location to the proper dirs into the source code of your fresh python 2.4
  6. update python 2.4 ‘s setup.py file so that the line below is added just after the hoshot one : exts.append( Extension(‘_lsprof’, [‘_lsprof.c’, ‘rotatingtree.c’]) )
  7. did I mention I am so bad at hacking things that I don’t even provide a patch for the operations above ?
  8. compile python 2.4 using a ./configure then make

At this point, you must have an executable python interpreter version 2.4 which includes cProfile. You can check by launching this python and trying a import cProfile which should not fail.

I replaced my system python2.4 by then doing a sudo make altinstall but I also had to manually tweak my system files so that this new python2.4 gets properly called (I am using ubuntu 8.10 intrepid, BTW) :

cd /usr/bin

sudo mv ./python2.4 ./python2.4.5

sudo ln -s /usr/local/bin/python2.4

Now, a plain command line call to python2.4 should give you an interpreter prompt which lets you import cProfile if you dare. I suffered some colateral damage here : the python prompt lost its ability to have previous lines copied at the prompt by pressing the Up/Down arrows. And I had to re-install reportlab from the source (some of my products depend on pisa which depends on reportlab). Anyone knows how to restore this Up/Down arrow capability ?

2. Recreate your buildout using this new python version

So that zope gets recompiled using your new python version :

rm -Rf parts bin develop-eggs

python2.4 bootstrap.py

bin/buildout

3. Patch zope testrunner so that it supports cProfile instead of only supporting hotshot

I got a bit confused because my buildout contains 2 zope testrunners. It took me some time to figure out which was which : the one which is used by the zope instance your buildout creates is the one which is shipped with zope 2.10 and is located at parts/zope2/lib/python/zope/testing/. The other one I have is in the zope.testing egg. I don’t know how and why I got such an egg. Anyway, this egg supports both hotshot and cProfile whereas zope 2.10 testrunner doesn’t. So I hacked the weaker/older zope 2.10 testrunner with some inspiration from zope.testing so that cProfile can be used when running tests. Here is the diff you can use for enhancing  parts/zope2/lib/python/zope/testing/testrunner.py. Oops, left version is the modified one, right version is the original one.

38,69d37
< before_tests_hooks = []
< after_tests_hooks = []
< available_profilers = {}
<
< try:
<     import cProfile
<     import pstats
< except ImportError:
<     pass
< else:
<     class CProfiler(object):
<         «  » »cProfiler » » »
<         def __init__(self, filepath):
<             self.filepath = filepath
<             self.profiler = cProfile.Profile()
<             self.enable = self.profiler.enable
<             self.disable = self.profiler.disable
<
<         def finish(self):
<             self.profiler.dump_stats(self.filepath)
<
<         def loadStats(self, prof_glob):
<             stats = None
<             for file_name in glob.glob(prof_glob):
<                 if stats is None:
<                     stats = pstats.Stats(file_name)
<                 else:
<                     stats.add(file_name)
<             return stats
<
<     available_profilers[‘cProfile’] = CProfiler
<
75,98c43
<     pass
< else:
<     class HotshotProfiler(object):
<         «  » »hotshot interface » » »
<
<         def __init__(self, filepath):
<             self.profiler = hotshot.Profile(filepath)
<             self.enable = self.profiler.start
<             self.disable = self.profiler.stop
<
<         def finish(self):
<             self.profiler.finish()
<
<         def loadStats(self, prof_glob):
<             stats = None
<             for file_name in glob.glob(prof_glob):
<                 loaded = hotshot.stats.load(file_name)
<                 if stats is None:
<                     stats = loaded
<                 else:
<                     stats.add(loaded)
<             return stats
<
<     available_profilers[‘hotshot’] = HotshotProfiler

>     hotshot = None
288c233
<     if len(available_profilers) == 0 and options.profile:

>     if hotshot is None and options.profile:
320,324c265,266
<         if available_profilers.has_key(‘cProfile’): prof = available_profilers[‘cProfile’](file_path)
<         else: prof = available_profilers[‘hotshot’](file_path)
<         before_tests_hooks.append(prof.enable)
<         after_tests_hooks.append(prof.disable)
<

>         prof = hotshot.Profile(file_path)
>         prof.start()
335c277,278
<             prof.finish()

>             prof.stop()
>             prof.close()
342c285,292
<         stats=prof.loadStats(prof_glob)

>         stats = None
>         for file_name in glob.glob(prof_glob):
>             loaded = hotshot.stats.load(file_name)
>             if stats is None:
>                 stats = loaded
>             else:
>                 stats.add(loaded)
>
459d408
<                 [hook() for hook in before_tests_hooks]
461d409
<                 [hook() for hook in after_tests_hooks]
656,659c604
<     [hook() for hook in before_tests_hooks]
<     results = run_tests(options, tests, layer_name, failures, errors)
<     [hook() for hook in after_tests_hooks]
<     return results

>     return run_tests(options, tests, layer_name, failures, errors)

Oh, BTW, this diff also lets you filter out the profiling of the setup and teardown steps of your tests which are of poor value compared to actual tests. Thanks to Daniel Nouri for this.

At this point, you should have given your zope instance the capability of profiling tests using cProfile. You can check it by asking for a debug prompt from zope : bin/instance debug The prompt you get should allow you to safely import cProfile

4. Profile your test

Say you have a Products called Products.DearProduct with some tests. Profile them :

bin/instance test -s Products.DearProduct –profile

At this point, you should get a tests_profile.*.prof file saved in the current dir. It contains the performance profile cProfile generated, using the pstats format. You can manually load and analyze this data. Or have a limited GUI show you what it’s like. Or you can go for the nicer, more insightful version which follows.

5. Visualize and analyze the performance profile you generated

Thanks to Ingeniweb folks, I heard of gprof2dot and xdot. Download them (the scripts, not the folks). Use them to generate and display a very nice graph :

chmod 744 gprof2dot.py

chmod 744 xdot.py

./gprof2dot.py -f pstats -o profile.dot tests_profile.*.prof

./xdot.py profile.dot

Note the * you may replace with the ID of the profile generated above. Or you can use the fancy but dangerous one-liner below which runs the tests,  generates the profile, generates the corresponding graph, displays the results of tests and displays the graph for analysis :

rm -f tests_profile.*.prof && rm -f profile.pstats && rm -f profile.dot && bin/single-instance test -s Products.MyDearProduct –profile > /tmp/test.txt ; ./gprof2dot.py -f pstats -o profile.dot tests_profile.*.prof && less /tmp/test.txt ; ./xdot.py profile.dot

At this point, you should be starring at nice colored graph which represent the flow of your tests and the method which may be performance bottlenecks. And you should be hoping that it was worth the effort.

[Here starts the update]

After some contemplation moment, I tried to analyze the graph of my tests and did not feel extremely happy with this graph visualization. It indeed shows me that the slowlyness of functional doctest is mostly due to the testing framework (zope.testbrowser, etc.). This slowlyness « hides » the optimization opportunities of my code. And I don’t know how to exclude some products from the being profiled or from being present in the profile stats (I would have liked to filter out zope.testbrowser and other Plone-specific things). But, all hope is not lost, here comes kcachegrind:

sudo apt-get install kcachegrind

sudo easy-install pyprof2calltree

pyprof2calltree -o output.calltree.stats -i tests_profile.*.prof -k

Using kcachegrind with the help of pyprof2calltree, I was able to focus on my product methods and identify those methods which deserve some caching. Added some @memoize decorators and reran the profiled tests so that I could enjoy the performance improvement… Happy I am, happy thou shalt be.

What do you think ?

Plone + Freemind = eternal love ?

Congratulations to Plone and Freemind, two great open source software packages, which have celebrated weddings recently and have promptly released a new born « Plone Freemind v.1.0 » extension product for Plone. I have been really fond of Plone and Freemind for several years now. It’s good news to learn that Freemind mindmaps can now be published and managed via a Plone site… even though I yet have to imagine some valuable use for this ! :)

Comparator

Comparator is a small Plone product I recently hacked for my pleasure. It’s called comparator until it gets a nicer name, if ever. I distribute it here under the GNU General Public License. It allows users to select any existing content type (object class) and to calculate a personnalized comparison of the instances of this class. For example, if you choose to compare « News Items », then you select the news items properties you want to base your comparison upon (title, creation date, description, …). You give marks to any value of these properties (somewhat a tedious process at the moment but much room for improvement in the future, there). Comparator then let’s you give relative weights to these properties so that the given marks are processed and the compared instances are ranked globally.

It’s a kind of basic block for building a comparison framework, for building Plone applications that compare stuff (any kind of stuff that exists within your portal, including semantically agregated stuff). Let’s say that your Plone portal is full of descriptions of beers (with many details about all kinds of beers). Then adding a comparator to your portal will let your users give weights to every beer property and rank all the beers according to their personal tastes.

Comparator is based on Archetypes and was built from an UML diagram with ArchgenXML. Comparator fits well in my vision of semantic agregation. I hope you can see how. Comments welcome !

Daisy vs. Plone, feature fighting

A Gouri-friend of mine recently pointed me to Daisy, a « CMS wiki/structured/XML/faceted » stuff he said. I answered him it may be a nice product but not enough attractive for me at the moment to spend much time analyzing it. Nevertheless, as Gouri asked, let’s browse Daisy’s features and try to compare them with Plone equivalents (given that I never tried Daisy).

The Daisy project encompasses two major parts: a featureful document repository

Plone is based on an object-oriented repository (Zope’s ZODB) rather than a document oriented repository.

and a web-based, wiki-like frontend.

Plone has its own web-based fronted. Wiki features are provided with an additional product (Zwiki).

If you have different frontend needs than those covered by the standard Daisy frontend, you can still benefit hugely from building upon its repository part.

Plone’s frontend is easily customizable either with your own CSS, with inherting from existing ZPT skins or with a WYSIWYG skin module such as CPSSkin.

Daisy is a Java-based application

Plone is Python-based.

, and is based on the work of many valuable open source packages, without which Daisy would not have been possible. All third-party libraries or products we redistribute are unmodified (unforked) copies.

Same for Plone. Daisy seems to be based on Cocoon. Plone is based on Zope.

Some of the main features of the document repository are:
* Storage and retrieval of documents.

Documents are one of the numerous object classes available in Plone. The basic object in Plone is… an object that is not fully extensible by itself unless it was designed to be so. Plone content types are more user-oriented than generic documents (they implement specialized behaviours such as security rules, workflows, displays, …). They will be made very extensible when the next versions of the « Archetypes » underlying layer is released (they include through-the-web schema management feature that allow web users to extend what any existing content type is).

* Documents can consists of multiple content parts and fields, document types define what parts and fields a document should have.

Plone’s perspective is different because of its object orientation. Another Zope product called Silva is more similar to Daisy’s document orientation.

Fields can be of different data types (string, date, decimal, boolean, …) and can have a list of values to choose from.

Same for Archetypes based content types in Plone.

Parts can contain arbitrary binary data, but the document type can limit the allowed mime types. So a document (or more correctly a part of a document) could contain XML, an image, a PDF document, … Part upload and download is handled in a streaming manner, so the size of parts is only limitted by the available space on your filesystem (and for uploading, a configurable upload limit).

I imagine that Daisy allows the upload and download of documents having any structure, with no constraint. In Plone, you are constrained by the object model of your content types. As said above this model can be extended at run time (schema management) but at the moment, the usual way to do is to define your model at design time and then comply with it at run time. At run time (even without schema management), you can still add custom metadata or upload additional attached files if your content type supports attached files.

* Versioning of the content parts and fields. Each version can have a state of ‘published’ or ‘draft’. The most recent version which has the state published is the ‘live’ version, ie the version that is displayed by default (depends on the behaviour of the frontend application of course).

The default behaviour of Plone does not include real versioning but document workflows. It means that a given content can be in state ‘draft’ or ‘published’ and go from one state to another according to a pre-defined workflow (with security conditions, event triggering and so). But a given object has only one version by default.
But there are additional Plone product that make Plone support versioning. These products are to be merged into Plone future distribution because versioning has been a long awaited feature. Note that, at the moment, you can have several versions of a document to support multi-language sites (one version per language).

* Documents can be marked as ‘retired’, which makes them appear as deleted, they won’t show up unless explicitely requested. Documents can also be deleted permanently.

Plone’s workflow mechanism is much more advanced. A default workflow includes a similar retired state. But the admin can define new workflows and modify the default one, always referring to the user role. Plone’s security model is quite advanced and is the underlying layer of every Plone functionality.

* The repository doesn’t care much what kind of data is stored in its parts, but if it is « HTML-as-well-formed-XML », some additional features are provided:
o link-extraction is performed, which allows to search for referers of a document.
o a summary (first 300 characters) is extracted to display in search results
o (these features could potentially be supported for other formats also)

There is no such thing in Plone. Maybe in Silva ? Plone’s reference engine allows you to define associations between objects. These associations are indexed by Plone’s search engine (« catalog ») and can be searched.

* all documents are stored in one « big bag », there are no directories.

Physically, the ZODB repository can have many forms (RDBMS, …). The default ZODB repository is a single flat file that can get quite big : Data.fs

Each document is identified by a unique ID (an ever-increasing sequence number starting at 1), and has a name (which does not need to be unique).

Each object has an ID but it is not globally unique at the moment. It is unfortunately stored in a hierarchical structure (Zope’s tree). Some Zope/Plone developpers wished « Placeless content » to be implemented. But Daisy must still be superior to Plone in that field.

Hierarchical structure is provided by the frontend by the possibility to create hierarchical navigation trees.

Zope’s tree is the most important structure for objects in a Plone site. It is too much important. You can still create navigation trees with shortcuts. But in fact, the usual solution in order to have maximum flexibility in navigation trees is to use the « Topic » content type. Topics are folder-like object that contain a dynamic list of links to objects matching the Topic’s pre-defined query. Topic are like persistent searches displayed as folders. As a an example a Topic may display the list of all the « Photo »-typed objects that are in « draft » state in a specific part (tree branch) of the site, etc.

* Documents can be combined in so-called « collections ». Collections are sets of the documents. One document can belong to multiple collections, in other words, collections can overlap.

Topics too ? I regret that Plone does easily not offer a default way to display a whole set of objects in just one page. As an example, I would have enjoyed to display a « book » of all the contents in my Plone site as if it were just one single object (so that I can print it…) But there are some Plone additional products (extensions) that support similar functionalities. I often use « Content Panels » to build a page by defining its global layout (columns and lines) and by filling it with « views » from exisiting Plone objects (especially Topics). Content Panels mixed with Topics allow a high flexibility in your site. But this flexibility has some limits too.

* possibility to take exclusive locks on documents for a limitted or unlimitted time. Checking for concurrent modifications (optimistic locking) happens automatically.

See versioning above.

* documents are automatically full-text indexed (Jakarta Lucene based). Currently supports plain text, XML, PDF (through PDFBox), MS-Word, Excel and Powerpoint (through Jakarta POI), and OpenOffice Writer.

Same for Plone except that Plone’s search engine is not Lucene and I don’t know if Plone can read OpenOffice Writer documents. Note that you will require additional modules depending on your platform in order to read Microsoft files.

* repository data is stored in a relation database. Our main development happens on MySQL/InnoDB, but the provisions are there to add support for new databases, for example PostgreSQL support is now included.

Everything is in the ZODB. By default stored as a single file. But can also be stored in a relational database (but this is usually useless). You can also transparently mix several repositories in a same Plone instance. Furthermore, instead of having Plone directly writing in the ZODB’s file, you can configure Plone so that it goes through a ZEO client-server setup so that several Plone instances can share a common database (load balancing). Even better, there is a commercial product, ZRS, that allows you to transparently replicate ZODBs so that several Plone instances setup with ZEO can use several redundant ZODBs (no single point of failure).

The part content is stored in normal files on the file system (to offload the database). The usage of these familiar, open technologies, combined with the fact that the daisywiki frontend stores plain HTML, makes that your valuable content is easily accessible with minimal « vendor » lock-in.

Everything’s in the ZODB. This can be seen as a lock-in. But it is not really because 1/ the product is open source and you can script a full export with Python with minimal effort, 2/ there are default WebDAV + FTP services that can be combined with Plone’s Marshall extension (soon to be included in Plone’s default distribution) that allows you to output your content from your Plone site. Even better, you can also upload your structured semantic content with Marshall plus additional hacks as I mentioned somewhere else.

* a high-level, sql-like query language provides flexible querying without knowing the details of the underlying SQL database schema. The query language also allows to combine full-text (Lucene) and metadata (SQL) searches. Search results are filtered to only contain documents the user is allowed to access (see also access control). The content of parts (if HTML-as-well-formed-XML) can also be selected as part of a query, which is useful to retrieve eg the content of an « abstract » part of a set of documents.

No such thing in Plone as far as I know. You may have to Pythonize my friend… Except that Plone’s tree gives an URL to every object so that you can access any part of the site. But not with a granularity similar to Daisy’s supposed one. See silva for more document-orientation.

* Accesscontrol: instead of attaching an ACL to each individual document, there is a global ACL which allows to specify the access rules for sets of documents by selecting those documents based on expressions. This allows for example to define access control rules for all documents of a certain type, or for all documents in a certain collection.

Access control is based on Plone’s tree, with inheritance (similar to Windows security model in some way). I suppose Plone’s access control is more sophisticated and maintainable than Daisy’s one but it should require more investigation to explain why.

* The full functionality of the repository is available via an HTTP+XML protocol, thus providing language and platform independent access. The documentation of the HTTP interface includes examples on how the repository can be updated using command-line tools like wget and curl.

Unfortunately, Plone is not ReST enough at the moment. But there is some hope the situation will change with Zope 3 (Zope’s next major release that is coming soon). Note that Zope (so Plone) supports HTTP+XML/RPC as a generic web service protocol. But this is nothing near real ReSTful web services…

* A high-level, easy to use Java API, available both as an « in-JVM » implementation for embedded scenarios or services running in the daisy server VM, as well as an implementation that communicates transparently using the HTTP+XML protocol.

Say Python and XML/RPC here.

* For various repository events, such as document creation and update, events are broadcasted via JMS (currently we include OpenJMS). The content of the events are XML messages. Internally, this is used for updating the full-text index, notification-mail sending and clearing of remote caches. Logging all JMS events gives a full audit log of all updates that happened to the repository.

No such mechanism as far as I know. But Plone of course offers fully detailed audit logs of any of its events.

* Repository extensions can provide additional services, included are:
o a notification email sender (which also includes the management of the subscriptions), allowing subscribing to individual documents, collections of documents or all documents.

No such generic feature by default in Plone. You can add scripts to send notification in any workflow transition. But you need to write one or two lines of Python. And the management of subscriptions is not implemented by default. But folder-like object support RSS syndication so that you can agregate Plone’s new objects in your favorite news aggregator;

o a navigation tree management component and a publisher component, which plays hand-in-hand with our frontend (see further on)

I’ll see further on… :)

* A JMX console allows some monitoring and maintenance operations, such as optimization or rebuilding of the fulltext index, monitoring memory usage, document cache size, or database connection pool status.

You have several places to look at for this monitoring within Zope/Plone (no centralized monitoring). An additional Plone product helps in centralizing maintenance operations. Still some ground for progress here.

The « Daisywiki » frontend
The frontend is called the « Daisywiki » because, just like wikis, it provides a mixed browsing/editing environment with a low entry barrier. However, it also differs hugely from the original wikis, in that it uses wysiwyg editing, has a powerful navigation component, and inherits all the features of the underlying daisy repository such as different document types and powerful querying.

Well, then we can just say the same for Plone and rename its skins the Plonewiki frontend… Supports Wysiwyg editing too, with customizable navigation tree, etc.

* wysiwyg HTML editing
o supports recent Internet Explorer and Mozilla/Firefox (gecko) browsers, with fallback to a textarea on other browsers. The editor is customized version of HTMLArea (through plugins, not a fork).

Same for Plone (except it is not an extension of HTMLArea but of a similar product).

o We don’t allow for arbitrary HTML, but limit it to a small, structural subset of HTML, so that it’s future-safe, output medium independent, secure and easily transformable. It is possible to have special paragraph types such as ‘note’ or ‘warning’. The stored HTML is always well-formed XML, and nicely layed-out. Thanks to a powerful (server-side) cleanup engine, the stored HTML is exactly the same whether edited with IE or Mozilla, allowing to do source-based diffs.

No such validity control within Plone. In fact, the structure of a Plone document is always valid because it is managed by Plone according to a specific object model. But a given object may contain an HTML part (a document’s body as an example) that may not be valid. If your documents are to have a recurrent inner structure, then you are invited to make this structure an extension of an object class so that is no more handled as a document structure. See what I mean ?

o insertion of images by browsing the repository or upload of new images (images are also stored as documents in the repository, so can also be versioned, have metadata, access control, etc)

Same with Plone except for versioning. Note that Plone’s Photo content type support automatic server-side redimensioning of images.

o easy insertion document links by searching for a document

Sometimes yes, sometimes no. It depends on the type of link you are creating.

o a heartbeat keeps the session alive while editing

I don’t know how it works here.

o an exlusive lock is automatically taken on the document, with an expire time of 15 minutes, and the lock is automatically refreshed by the heartbeat

I never tried the Plone extension for versioning so I can’t say. I know that you can use the WebDAV interface to edit a Plone object with your favorite text processing package if you want. And I suppose this interface properly manages this kind of issues. But I never tried.

o editing screens are built dynamically for the document type of the document being edited.

Of course.

* Version overview page, from which the state of versions can be changed (between published and draft), and diffs can be requested. * Nice version diffs, including highlighting of actual changes in changed lines (ignoring re-wrapping).

You can easily move any object in its associated workflow (from one state to another, through transitions). But no versioning. Note that you can use Plone’s wiki extension and this extension supports supports diffs and some versioning features. But this is not available for any Plone content type.

* Support for includes, i.e. the inclusion of one document in the other (includes are handled recursively).

No.

* Support for embedding queries in pages.

You can use Topics (persistent queries). You can embed them in Content Panels.

* A hierarchical navigation tree manager. As many navigation trees as you want can be created.

One and only one navigation tree by default. But Topics can be nested. So you can have one main navigation tree plus one or more alternatives with Topics (but these alternatives are limited for some reasons.).

Navigation trees are defined as XML and stored in the repository as documents, thus access control (for authoring them, read access is public), versioning etc applies. One navigation tree can import another one. The nodes in the navigation tree can be listed explicitely, but also dynamically inserted using queries. When a navigation tree is generated, the nodes are filtered according to the access control rules for the requesting user. Navigation trees can be requested in « full » or « contextualized », this last one meaning that only the nodes going to a certain document are expanded. The navigtion tree manager produces XML, the visual rendering is up to XSL stylesheets.

This is nice. Plone can not do that easily. But what Plone can do is still done with respect to its security model and access control, of course.

* A navigation tree editor widget allows easy editing of the navigation trees without knowledge of XML. The navigation tree editor works entirely client-side (Mozilla/Firefox and Internet Explorer), without annoying server-side roundtrips to move nodes around, and full undo support.

Yummy.

* Powerful document-publishing engine, supporting:
o processing of includes (works recursive, with detection of recursive includes)
o processing of embedded queries
o document type specific styling (XSLT-based), also works nicely combined with includes, i.e. each included document will be styled with its own stylesheet depending on its document type.

OK

* PDF publishing (using Apache FOP), with all the same features as the HTML publishing, thus also document type specific styling.

Plone document-like content type offer PDF views too.

* search pages:
o fulltext search
o searching using Daisy’s query language
o display of referers (« incoming links »)

Fulltext search is available. No query language for the user. Display of refers is only available for content type that are either wiki pages or have been given the ability to include references from other objects.

* Multiple-site support, allows to have multiple perspectives on top of the same daisy repository. Each site can have a different navigation tree, and is associated with a default collection. Newly created documents are automatically added to this default collection, and searches are limited to this default collection (unless requested otherwise).

It might be possible with Plone but I am not sure when this would be useful.

* XSLT-based skinning, with resuable ‘common’ stylesheets (in most cases you’ll only need to adjust one ‘layout’ xslt, unless you want to customise heavily). Skins are configurable on a per-site basis.

Plone’s skins are using the Zope Page Templates technology. This is a very nice and simple HTML templating technology. Plone’s skins make an extensive use of CSS and in fact most of the layout and look-and-feel of a site is now in CSS objects. These skins are managed as objects, with inheritance, overriding of skins and other sophisticated mechanism to configure them.

* User self-registration (with the possibility to configure which roles are assigned to users after self-registration) and password reminder.

Same is available from Plone.

* Comments can be added to documents.

Available too.

* Internationalization: the whole front-end is localizable through resource bundles.

Idem.

* Management pages for managing:
o the repository schema (the document types)
o the users
o the collections
o access control

Idem.

* The frontend currently doesn’t perform any caching, all pages are published dynamically, since this also depends on the access rights of the current user. For publishing of high-trafic, public (ie all public access as the same user), read-only sites, it is probably best to develop a custom publishing application.

Zope includes caching mechanisms that take care of access rights. For very high-trafic public sites, a Squid frontend is usually recommended.

* Built on top of Apache Cocoon (an XML-oriented web publishing and application framework), using Cocoon Forms, Apples (for stateful flow scenarios), and the repository client API.

By default, Zope uses its own embedded web server. But the usual setup for production-grade sites is to put an Apache reverse-proxy in front of it.

My conclusion : Daisy looks like a nice product when you have a very document-oriented project, with complex documents with structures varying much from documents to documents ; its equivalent in Zope’s world would be Silva. But Plone is much more appropriate for everyday CMS sites. Its object-orientation offers both a great flexibility for the developer and more ease of use for Joe-six-pack webmaster. Plone still lacks some important technical features for its future, namely ReSTful web service interfaces, plus placeless content paradigm. Versioning is expected soon.

This article was written in just one raw, late at night and with no re-reading reviewed once thanks to Gouri. It may be wrong or badly lacking information on some points. So your comments are much welcome !

From OWL to Plone

I found a working path to transform an OWL ontology into a working Plone content-type. Here is my recipe :

  1. Choose any existing OWL ontology
  2. With Protege equipped with its OWL plugin, create a new project from your OWL file.
  3. Still within Protege, with the help of its UML plugin, convert your OWL-Protege project into a UML classes project. You get an XMI file.
  4. Load this XMI file into an UML project with Poseidon. Save this project under the .zuml Poseidon format.
  5. From poseidon, export your classes a new xmi file. It will be Plone-friendly.
  6. With a text editor, delete some accentuated characters that Poseidon might have added to your file (for example, the Frenchy Poseidon adds a badly accentuated « Modele sans titre » attribute into your XMI) because the next step won’t appreciate them
  7. python Archgenxml.py -o YourProduct yourprojectfile.xmi turns your XMI file into a valid Plone product. Requires Plone and Archetypes (see doc) latest stable version plus ArchgenXML head from the subversion repository.
  8. Launch your Plone instance and install YourProduct as a new product from your Plone control panel. Enjoy YourProduct !
  9. eventually populate it with an appropriate marshaller.

Now you are not far from using Plone as a semantic aggregator.

The CMS pseudo-stock market

The Drupal people produced insightful stock-market-like statistics about the popularity of open source CMS packages (via the precious Amphi-Gouri). But their analysis mixes content management systems (Drupal, Plone) with blog engines (WordPress) and bulletin boards (phpBB). Anyway, it shows that :

  • « The popularity of most Free and Open Source CMS tools is in an upward trend.« 
  • Bulletin boards like phpBB is the most popular category, maybe the most mature and phpBB is the strong leader in this category
  • In the CMS category, Mambo, Xoops, Drupal and Plone are direct competitors ; Mambo is ahead in terms of popularity, Plone is behind its PHP competitors which certainly benefit from the popularity of PHP compared to Python; PHP-Nuke and PostNuke are quickly loosing some ground.
  • WordPress is the most dynamic open source blog engine in terms of growth of popularity ; its community is exploding

My conclusion :

  • if you want an open source bulletin board/community forum, then choose phpBB with no hesitation
  • if you want a real content management system and are not religiously opposed to Python, then choose Plone, else stick with PHP and go Mambo (or Xoops ?)
  • if you want an open source blog engine, then enjoy WordPress

If feel like producing this kind of statistical analysis about the dynamics of open source communities is extremely valuable for organization and people considering several open source options (cf. the activity percentile indicated on sourceforge projets as an example). I would tend to say that the strength of an open source community, measured in term of growth and size, is the one most important criteria to rely on when choosing an open source product.

Nowadays, the (real) stock market relies strongly on rating agencies. There must be a room (and thus a business opportunity) for an open source rating agency that would produce strong evidences about the relative strength of project communities.

What do you think ?

Zemantic: a Zope Semantic Web Catalog

Zemantic is an RDF module for Zope (read its announcement). From what I read (not tested by me yet), it implements services similar to zope catalogs and enables universal management of references (such as the Archetypes reference engine but in a more sustainable way). It is based on RDFLib, similarly to ROPE.

I feel enthusiastic about this product since it sounds to me like a good future-proof solution for the management of metadata, references and structured data within content management systems and portals. Plus Zemantic would sit well in my vision of Plone as a semantic aggregator.

Portails / CMS en J2EE

Pour créer un portail d’entreprise en J2EE, il y a le choix entre acheter un coûteux portail propriétaire (IBM ou BEA pour ne citer que les leaders des serveurs d’application J2EE) ou recourir à un portail J2EE open source. Mais autant l’offre open source en matière de serveurs d’application J2EE (JBoss, Jonas) atteint une certaine maturité qui la rend crédible pour des projets de grande envergure, autant l’offre open source en matière de portails J2EE semble largement immature. Ceci semble fermer à l’open source le marché des portails et de la gestion de contenu des grandes entreprises pour encore de nombreuses années.

Aux yeux de la communauté J2EE, des cabinets de conseil du secteur et des gros éditeurs, le meilleur produit du marché sera nécessairement celui qui supportera au moins les deux standards du moment : JSR 168 pour garantir la portabilité des portlets d’un produit à l’autre, et WSRP pour garantir l’interopérabilité des portlets distantes entre leur serveur d’application et le portail qui les agrège et les publie. Il y a donc dans cette gamme de produit une course à celui qui sera le plus dans la mode de la « SOA » (Service-Oriented Architecture). Comme portails J2EE open source, on cite fréquemment Liferay et Exo. Cette offre open source n’est pas étrangère à la fanfaronnade SOA (il faut bien marketer les produits, eh oui…). Du coup, l’effort de développement des portails J2EE open source semble davantage porter sur l’escalade de la pile SOA que sur l’implémentation de fonctionnalités utiles. C’est sûrement ce qui amène la communauté J2EE à constater que les portails J2EE open source manquent encore beaucoup de maturité et de richesse fonctionnelle surtout lorsqu’on les compare à Plone, leader du portail / CMS open source. En effet, Plone s’appuie sur un serveur d’application Python (Zope) et non Java (a fortiori non J2EE) ; il se situe donc hors de la course à JSR168 et semble royalement ignorer le bluff WSRP.

Nombreuses sont les entreprises qui s’évertuent à faire de J2EE une doctrine interne en matière d’architecture applicative. Confrontées au choix d’un portail, elles éliminent donc rapidement l’offre open source J2EE (pas assez mûre). Et, plutôt que de choisir un portail non J2EE reconnu comme plus mûr, plus riches en fonctionnalités et moins coûteux, elles préfèrent se cantonner à leur idéologie J2EE sous prétexte qu’il n’y a point de salut hors J2EE/.Net. Pas assez buzzword compliant, mon fils… Pfff, ne suivez pas mon regard… :-(

Workflow dans Plone

Ce document explique les phases du développement d’application de workflow s’appuyant sur Plone. Une fois Zope, Plone et CMFOpenflow installés, l’essentiel du travail consiste à modéliser le processus qu’il s’agit d’informatiser. Cette étape est critique car la modélisation de processus est en soit difficile. Elle requiert une grande rigueur et de bonnes compétences d’analyses fonctionnelles ainsi qu’une excellente communication entre l’analyste et le gestionnaire du processus. Une fois le workflow (modèle de processus) dessiné sur papier (analyse), il est facile de le transcrire dans OpenFlow. Ensuite, le développeur doit déclarer dans Zope les rôles utilisateur requis par le workflow puis aura à créer les formulaires de saisie de données de chaque étape du workflow ainsi que les éventuels scripts déclenchés lors des transitions entre étapes du processus. Un peu de test, et hop, ça tourne (du moins en théorie).
Il est bon de noter que la plupart des moteurs de workflows fournissent un éditeur graphique de Workflow. Cette interface semble extrêmement importante pour le novice qui examine ce type de produit. Cependant, il semblerait qu’un éditeur de ce type n’apporte pas grand chose de plus qu’une feuille de papier et un stylo. OpenFlow ne fournit pas d’éditeur de ce type mais seulement un visualisateur de workflow (une fois que les étapes du workflows ont été transcrites dans le paramétrage de OpenFlow). Cette lacune ne semble donc pas critique.
Plone a été initialement distribué avec un module de workflow « DCWorkflow », orienté document. OpenFlow est un autre produit de workflow pour Zope qui diffère de DCWorkflow par le fait qu’il est orienté « activité » et permet donc de modéliser des processus plus complexes et moins spécifiquement liés à la gestion de contenu Web. Cependant, OpenFlow est un produit Zope qui ne s’appuie pas sur le framework CMF. Par conséquent, il était difficile de développer des applications de gestion de contenu faisant appel aux fonctionnalités avancées d’OpenFlow. C’est pourquoi la communauté de développement d’OpenFlow a créé Reflow (également appelé CMFOpenFlow, apparemment) qui, lui, est sensé s’intégrer parfaitement dans CMF et donc a fortiori dans Plone.

Développer avec les Archetypes

Archetypes est un produit Zope qui permet de développer des applications de gestion de contenu s’appuyant sur CMF (et sur Plone, par exemple). Une introduction didactique au fonctionnement d’Archetypes nous en explique le fonctionnement et la raison d’être : Archetypes permet au développeur de ne pas avoir à maîtriser la complexité (de l’API) du framework de gestion de contenu CMF, en lui permettant de générer de manière rapide des objets s’appuyant sur CMF. Archetypes constitue donc, en quelque sorte, l’essentiel d’un atelier de développement rapide d’applications de gestion de contenu.
Le principe général de fonctionnement est le suivant. Le développeur décrit en quelques lignes de Python le schéma de l’objet qu’il veut développer, en s’inspirant du schéma d’un objet existant : « ma classe d’objet ‘MonArticle’ a les mêmes propriétés et méthodes que les objets de la classe ‘Article’ mais possèdent également un champ de type texte, qui s’appelle ‘thème’, qui ne peut pas être vide et que l’utilisateur remplira à l’aide d’une ‘textarea’ HTML ». C’est ensuite le produit Archetypes qui transforme cette définition en un objet opérationnel qui peut être installé dans une instance Plone sans développement supplémentaire.

Apprendre Zope et Plone

Ceci est une traduction de mon message initialement posté en anglais.
On dit parfois que la maîtrise de Zope et de Plone est un art difficile. On a également dit que la courbe d’apprentissage pour Zope est particulièrement raide. J’ai également lu plusieurs débutants (comme moi) qui demandaient par où commencer pour se mettre au développement Zope. « Ne commencez pas à apprendre Zope sans connaître Python ! », « Inutile de maîtriser TAL, TALES et METAL pour construire des interfaces utilisateurs dans Plone, il vaut mieux apprendre les techniques de CSS avancées », et d’autres réflexions du même genre… Alors je me demande : quelle est la progression recommandée pour apprendre Zope et Plone ? comment rendre la courbe d’apprentissage globale plus douce ou ne serait-ce qu’un peu plus visible et gérable ? Le diagramme ci-dessous représente ma compréhension de la « feuille de route d’apprentissage » idéale pour celui qui souhaiterait devenir un maître en Zope et Plone :
La feuille de route idéale pour apprendre à tirer profit de Zope et Plone.

Zope and Plone learning roadmap

It is sometimes said that the art of mastering Zope and Plone is difficult. It has also been said that learning Zope Zen involves a steep learning curve. I have also read many newbies (like me) asking for information about the first steps to go through in order to smoothly get into Zope development. « Don’t start learning Zope before you know Python ! », « No need for mastering in TAL, TALES and METAL for building Plone user interfaces, you’d rather learn advanced CSS techniques », or the like… So I wonder : what is the recommended roadmap for learning Zope and Plone ? how to make the global learning curve smoother or just a little bit more visible and manageable ? So the diagram below is my guess on the ideal learning roadmap for a would-be master in Zope+Plone :
The ideal roadmap for learning Zope and Plone.

rdflib and ROPE

I just blog this Bob DuCharme article so that I can remember where practical information about rdflib can be read.
By the way, I have tested the very pre-pre-release of Reinout’s ROPE (see ROPE = Rdflib + zOPE). And I could install it on a Zope 2.7.0b3 fresh install. It was quite easy to install it. But, as Reinout said, it is still a very early release and, as you can see on the attached screenshot, there is much work to be done before it is really usable. This screenshot is just a hint for Reinout : if you add several namespaces into a rdfstore (shouldn’t you name it a « rope » ?), they end up displayed one next to another instead of being options of the same HTML select widget. Anyway, I am looking forward further releases of Rope.

La panoplie du parfait petit Zopeur

Voici les ressources nécessaires à tout développeur francophone qui veut se plonger dans la technologie Zope avec la meilleure efficacité :